The programs of study lead to the award of a diploma in a vocational specialization; they are geared toward employment and typically include an internship. Graduates typically enter the workforce directly, or apply for zhuanshengben “top-up” programs, which last two to three years and lead to a bachelor’s degree. Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are licensed professions of equal standing in China. This is especially so at top-tier institutions that seek to attract more international students, the percentage of which is a criterion in international university rankings. About 17 percent of all international students in China now come from African countries. On the flip side of this shortage of mid-level technicians, growing numbers of university-educated Chinese remain unemployed or underemployed amid an ever-expanding pool of university graduates. The number of HEIs in Macau has grown tremendously in recent years—there are now 10 of them, four public and six private, enrolling some 33,000 students in 2018. [1] Kirby, William C.: “Why Do So Many Chinese Students Come to the United States?” In: Rudolph, Jennifer and Szonyi, Michael (eds. Sino-foreign degree programs must be directly approved by the central MOE, while non-degree programs may be approved by provincial authorities, even though the MOE still issues the final license. The Australian Security Intelligence Organization in 2018 issued a sharp warning related to these concerns. Figure 3: Credit-based curriculum (Ministry of Education, 2004)Physical education and health courses as well as courses in the arts receive one credit each, or 18 hours. As shown in the graphic below, the new reforms have already been implemented in Shanghai and Zhejiang province. “A matrix of provincial quotas, university quotas, and subject quotas is negotiated annually between universities and national and provincial authorities. CAB Direct Macau, on the other hand, made great strides in modernizing its education system after the end of Portuguese rule. Under the K to 12 Basic Education Program, Briones noted that physical fitness “is one of the major goals of the physical education program and shall be incorporated/adopted in the curriculum for Grades 4 to 10.” ... China reaffirms support in safeguarding PH sovereignty, nat’l dignity. In addition, there are some 72,000 students enrolled in transnational programs and branch campuses of U.K. institutions in China. According to the 2016 amended version of the law, these schools need to be licensed and comply with official regulations. Participation in this ranking exercise is voluntary, but the rankings are well-regarded in China, so that it’s in the best interests of top institutions to participate. More draconian screening procedures are under consideration; White House advisor Stephen Miller is reportedly even proposing to stop issuing visas to Chinese students altogether. Except for graduates in highly sought-after fields like engineering or information technology, rising numbers of university graduates end up working in the informal sector or in low-paying jobs, potentially a socially destabilizing development. Not only is the labor market flooded with internationally educated graduates, the increasing quality of graduates from China’s top universities has also evened out the playing field, diminishing the return on an expensive international education. Except for international schools that teach foreign curricula, Chinese schools follow the national curriculum. The scale of these proportions has raised alarms about financial risks due to an overreliance on tuition fees from Chinese students. 5. Big and prestigious research institutes like the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences are public research universities that are among China’s tier-one institutions. Closely interrelated, “China’s urban population skyrocketed from 19 percent of the total population in 1980 to 58 percent in 2017.” What is remarkable about this transformation is that it has thus far not affected political stability. In one egregious example, the former admissions director of Renmin University, a prestigious Beijing-based institution, admitted in court to accepting “more than $3.6 million in illegal payments between 2005 [and] 2013, in exchange for helping 44 students obtain spots … or to allow students already there to change their majors.”. Other top sending countries are Pakistan and India, as well as the United States. Another reason Chinese decide to study abroad is to avoid the country’s extremely challenging university entrance test, known popularly as gaokao and often referred to as China’s “examination hell.” The test is so stressful that some students commit suicide during the exam. They taught related subjects, such as medicine, art, or agriculture. All institutions must be accredited in their home country and have faculty recruitment practices and admission requirements comparable to those in their home countries, even though Chinese applicants are typically admitted based on the gaokao. In 2016, for instance, China’s largest private education company, New Oriental, was sued in the U.S. for submitting fraudulent college applications after a Reuters investigation alleged that it had engaged in “writing application essays and teacher recommendations, and falsifying high school transcripts.” Amid such reports, some U.S. institutions are now relying on video interviewing when evaluating Chinese applicants. In addition, students can choose a number of electives from categories like vocational subjects, arts, or physical education. Doctoral programs, the highest level degree programs offered in China, usually require a master’s degree for admission and take three years to complete. The stated aim was to promote bilingualism (Chinese and English) and trilingualism (Cantonese, Mandarin, and English). One initiative, Project 211, sought to strengthen 99 universities with USD$2.2 billion between 1996 and 2000—an effort that greatly boosted research output of these HEIs. At the other extreme, Tibet’s literacy rate was a mere 60.07 percent in [the] same year, pegging it closer to under-developed countries like Haiti and Zambia.”. There are different reasons why so many Chinese students head overseas. Background: Among the many changes occurring across Chinese society in the early years of the 21st century has been the construction and implementation of a new national curriculum which includes physical education (PE) as one of the main subject areas. “Wealthy cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, reported 2014 literacy rates (98.52 percent and 96.85 percent) comparable with those of developed countries. ... the document asked schools to build a sports curriculum system that could link physical education at various grade levels. Since then, the number of Chinese students in the country has jumped from 22,000 to 143,000 in 2018, according to federal government statistics. At the post-secondary level, there are various employment-geared certificate, diploma, and advanced diploma programs that require the HKDSE for admission. Sliding into the lower third of marks means, at a minimum, losing a year and going through the whole horrible experience of cramming all over again. Beyond that, there are fears that China’s state-sponsored Confucius Institutes—Chinese culture and language institutes housed in universities—threaten academic freedom and undermine Australia’s security by putting sensitive research and intellectual property at risk. Chinese nationals, many of them international students on Optional Practical Training visas, filed 296,313 petitions for H-1B visas between 2007 and 2017. In seven-year programs, students must complete another two years of clinical training and defend a clinical research study. Some characteristics of education in Imperial China continue to influence education in the country. It noted that when “anyone wants to have any kind of public discussion [on human rights or Tibet or Taiwan] a lot of the instigators for counter-reaction to that, and the shouting down of anyone who wants to talk, come from people associated with … Confucius Institutes.” The state of New South Wales in 2019 already closed one of the 14 Confucius Institutes in Australia. Background: Among the many changes occurring across Chinese society in the early years of the 21st century has been the construction and implementation of a new national curriculum which includes physical education (PE) as one of the main subject areas. In another survey, 52 percent of Chinese students agreed that “not being able to obtain a job in the United States postgraduation would prevent them from pursuing business school there.” That said, an equally important factor are fears related to gun violence and the highly televised mass shootings in the U.S.—an issue that ranks high in many surveys of Chinese students. Students usually take the test in the final year of high school after preparing for it the entire year, but it’s possible to retake the exams indefinitely after graduation from high school. Bachelor curricula can be broken down into four major areas: Bachelor’s degree students must earn the required credits according to the curriculum plan, submit a thesis, and maintain a minimum GPA (usually at least 60 or C/D) to graduate. In addition, minimum score thresholds for admission into universities vary by province. China’s rapid social changes had an enormous global impact on international education. These students generated close to USD$7 billion in onshore revenues helping to make international education Australia’s largest services export. Under the new 3+3/3+1+2 system, it will cover Chinese, mathematics, and a foreign language, most typically English, as well as the specialization subjects students elect in high school. Between 2015 and 2018 alone, the number of African students in China spiked by 64 percent with Ghana being the leading sending country as of late. While growth rates slowed to less than 1 percent in 2018, there are now 227,000 more international students in China than in 2014, and the government is ramping up spending to hit its recruitment target. Admission is usually based on the National College Entrance Examination, as well as additional requirements, depending on the school. Yet another initiative, the Plan 111, attempted to bring more foreign researchers and faculty to Chinese universities. Under the current evaluation scheme, HEIs are assessed in three categories: pass, deferred pass, and not passed. (See also the section on university admissions.) Either way, there is no selective entrance examination to access lower-secondary education in public schools (private schools may have different types of admission criteria). That said, China in 2011 became the world’s second-largest economy and is on the brink of overtaking the U.S. as the largest economy, if it hasn’t overtaken it already. The proliferation of Sino-foreign joint programs, for instance, has resulted in the adoption of a variety of grading scales patterned after the grading systems of the foreign partner institutions. They are generally large multi-faculty research universities. Studying overseas with the goal of eventually immigrating to Western countries is another motivator. 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