In order to finish the ship's interior it was decided to create a new company, the Great Ship Company, which bought the ship from Eastern Navigation. Eight small boats hang on each side of the deck afe, and two on each side forward. The “SS Great Eastern” was an iron sailing steamship designed by the famous Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and it was built by J. Scott Russell & Co. at the Millwall Iron Works on the Isle of Dogs, right alongside the River Thames. … Under the main deck, which is here of wood only, it is intended to have second or third-class rooms � some 30, double and single, and a dining-room. During the Great Easterns’ first year in service, he experienced two strokes and died in September of 1859. The print also features a statistical table and other information … SS Great Eastern was an iron sailing steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and built by J. Scott Russell & Co. at Millwall Iron Works on the River Thames, London.She was by far the largest ship ever built at the time of her 1858 launch, and had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers from England to Australia without refuelling. This is a custom engine sound. The cylinders are each 7 feet diameter by four feet stroke. The screw would just lie down in a city parlor, one blade projecting out of the door across the hall. The Lake Erie Islands Historical Society at Put-in-Bay has a significant collection of models of historic great lakes ships as well as famous island area ships. The SE Great Eastern was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and had the capacity to carry 4,000 passengers. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. They are two stories high alongside the lower tier of saloons. All the cross-beams are of iron. Ironically, despite earlier problems, Scott Russell's company was allowed to bid for and win this part of the contract, too. each. Whilst the Great Eastern made history with its revolutionary design, the ship was never a great success commercially, and was plagued by a series of mishaps. Suppose her suddenly coming into view around the point of some headland, as we approach her in a small boat, with a dozen ordinary ocean and river craft in her vicinity. • South-east is considered the perfect direction for the … Opinion: The mother and baby homes Commission report misses the point on redress. The decorations of the grand saloon and of the ladies' saloon are alike, Descriptions of such things cannot, of course, produce accurate impressions, but I may be able to give a general idea of its appearance. So, again ascending to the deck, we prepare for a subterranean visit to. ; A Detailed and Illustrated Description of the Great Ship. That man-of-war looks painfully unwieldly by the side of her, while the great ship, three times its length and twice its height, does not give us the faintest idea of clumsiness, but of the two she really seems more at home and less constrained in the little harbor. The inside is painted to resemble a light oak, and the ceiling is light blue with gilt stars. The valves stand vertically; those of each pair of engines are driven by one link motion. View of the Interior of One of the Tanks on Board the Great Eastern MET DP801369.jpg 3,857 × 2,762; 2.3 MB. While these materials furnish much that is of engineering and commercial importance, there remains to be told a vast amount of descriptive, comparative and critical facts, without which the general reader would have a very imperfect idea of the vastness and peculiarities of the Leviathan of ships. Depth 58 feet. They tossed the altar and pulpit into an outdoor courtyard and replaced the central stained-glass window with a transparent one emblazoned with a Nazi eagle. The widely publicized ceremony drew many figures who would soon become notorious—Reich intelligence director Reinhard Heydrich, the “Butcher of Prague”; Robert Ley, head of Germany’s central slave labor organization; Wilhelm Frick, Hitler’s minister of the interior; August Heissmayer, concentration camp inspector and head of SS-Totenkopfverbände (Death’s Head) squads; … All the raised deeks have their shafts leading to the stokeholes, and their skylights, which have been described above. However, Ewan Corlett, a naval architect, had long recognised the importance of the SS Great Britain. The melt upwelled at the edge o… � SCOTIA, the new Cunard ship, just commenced, iron, 450x50. Here we have a room 11 feet high, and of the area of three city houses, and under it another, a little smaller aft, as the stern tapers into the water, and eight feet high. There is a second flight of stairs below these. It has no balus-trades like all the others, around the side skylights in the floor, but only a plain oil-cloth "bulwark." Each of the four engines may be worked separately. SS Great Eastern; Media in category "Great Eastern (ship, 1858)" The following 84 files are in this category, out of 84 total. Its inside is as large as an ordinary well, and much deeper. J. 1865. At their peak in September 1944 there were 552 Panthers operational on the Eastern Front, out of a total of 728. real and not nominal) horse power, taking steam at 25 lbs., cutting off at 1/4 strok and making 55 reverstions per minute. $44. They are painted, as well as the elaborate balustrades, in a sort of French gray and gold. The ferry can accommodate bicycles, pushchairs and some wheelchairs … TheJournal.ie | Pages in category "Great Eastern (ship, 1858)" This category contains only the following page. It has water-tight doors, which, when shut from the deck, make the bulkhead complete. They have no outside bearing on the guard or sponson. Irish sport images provided by Inpho Photography unless otherwise stated. G. � VANDERBILT, of the Vanderbilt New-York and Havre Line, wood, 335x49. All around it is a promenade, from which we can look over at the rudder [Q] and the top of the screw [P.] The stern overhangs in such a manner as to have a much loftier appearance than the bows. The Explainer is a weekly podcast from TheJournal.ie that takes a deeper look at one big news story you need to know about. And what a tremendous, but light expanse of rods it is, with its network of red arms and braces, and its thirty huge floats, thirteen feet long and three feet deep. Nor do the six masts look, slim and inadequate, like those of our lightly-rigged paddle ships. There are at least 14 engines on board, exclusive of some dozen used only for pumping. The screw boilers are each 18 feet 4-3/4 inches long, 17 feet 6 inches wide, and 14 feet high; weight without water 47 tons; weight of water 45 tons; area of grate 406 square feet; tube heating surface, exclusive of dues and furnaces, 4,550 square feet; number of brass tubes, 420; diameter, 3 inches; number 10 wire guage. L. � FERRY-BOAT, American harbors, wood, 170x35. This engine-house, like all other houses, and all the wood-work on deck, are of teak. There is too much wood-work, however, for the highest degree of safety. Great Eastern (British Steamship, 1859) Photograph of an engraving, published circa the later 1850s, depicting the ship fitting out in the Thames River, off Deptford, England, at some point following her 31 January 1858 launching. The slide-valve chests are on the forward side of the front engines and the aft (stern) side of the back engines. The floor is covered with a dark oil-cloth, without figure, while the rest are handsomely carpeted. During the Cretaceous period, the ancient Farallon and Kula tectonic plates were in the process of subducting beneath the North American Plate. The panels of the ceiling have a white ground, with small scrolls and light vine and flower work in gold-leaf. Abaft this are, at the top, store-rooms, etc., 1,470 tons, and below them, fifth after cargo space, 1,109 tons, with a double deck, and lastly the second after hold, 520 tons, containing also the screw-shaft tunnel. Particularly with reference to the engines, I here-with furnish some new, correct and much more comprehensive facts than have yet appeared in print. So we ascend to the top and enter the next after-compartment under C, which is some 60 feet long, 64 feet wide aft, and 48 feet wide forward. Then comes the fourth mast, which is of iron, fore-and-aft rigged, then another entrance to the saloons below, and then adjoining it another raised skylight deck,54 feet long, in the front of which is the second screw chimney, and upon which are a binnacle and compass. THE ENGINES AND BOILERS. Great Eastern was both Brunel's crowning glory and ultimate downfall. However I describe her – an ‘engineering masterpiece’, a ‘sea-fairing giant’, a historic ‘home-comer’, or even a ‘war hero’… this is a ship that changed the world. Most of the staterooms off the grand saloon are about 14x9 feet, with wide and comfortable births, and very first class appointments. They are lined throughout with oiled teak wood, resembling black walnut. IT’S A FAR cry from the interior of modern-day ferries on the Irish Sea. The steersmen are directed how to steer when not running by the compass, by a pointer on a dial which is moved through gearing by another wheel, away forward on the bridge, in the hands of an officer; A second pointer on this dial is connected with the rudder, and shows when it is sufficiently moved to starboard or to port. Behind all this is an iron bulkhead extending from top to bottom, and entirely across the vessel. The condensers and air pumps are on the opposite side from the valves, or between the cylinders on each side. The engine-frames weigh 12 tons 6 cwt. The base-board and wooden parts generally are of polished teak, resembling light rosewood. Located at the ICE headquarters at One Great George Street, the ICE Library collection is designated … Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Eastern, was one of the greatest engineer visionary of the 19 th century. By a door at the side we can look in at the great wheel itself. These occupy the middle of the ship and extend over 400 feet, fore and aft. NUIG historian Dr Sarah-Anne Buckley says the recent Commission report into mother and baby homes needed to have a deeper look at Protestant institutions and the neglect of children like Derek. The weight, with that of their boilers, is 1,250 tons, or as much as that of a large sailing ship. The white stripe, 27 inches wide, painted around the vessel, certainly lightens her a little, but the ugly imitation of a gallery on her stern is very much out of place. Greater Detroit was one of the two largest steamships ever built. The weight of cables is about 100 tons. The cables pass through them. At the time of its design and construction it was by far the largest ship ever built at the time of its launch in 1858. And below all these freight compartments is a tunne holding the screw shaft. O. The middle portion of the deck here is covered with various arrangements for belaying-ropes, etc., and with skylights to the engineers' rooms below. By referring to the accompanying wood cut we gratify our curiosity at a glance. The exact year isn’t known but the photographs are believed to date from around 1870. Beneath the after saloons are the screw-boilers and engines. The engines on one side of the ship have a double connecting rod, each rod being 7-1/2 inches in diameter; the opposite engines have 4 connecting rods, each 5-1/2 inches in diameter. built of six-inch plank. It made its maiden voyage in 1924. The space immediately around the shells is red or blue to set them out, and the mouldings are in white, gilt and neutral colors. The screw shaft lies some 50 feet from the top of the bulwarks, and 12 feet from the bottom of the ship, and is inclosed in an iron tunnel or alley. They are about 6-1/2 feet in diameter, and some 30 feet high, but their total height from the fires is above 75 feet. An engineer next to the cable laying machinery (5092775639).jpg 600 × 462; 67 KB. In the middle of the deck, and flush with the skylight deck, leaving forn 18 to 20 feet clear space on each side, are rows of skylights extending some distance further aft. The connecting rods are 8 feet long. Two pumps, feeding all the boilers, 10 inches in diameter, and 4 feet stroke, are also connected to two of the crossheads. Retracing our steps, we go down one of the forward hatchways into the forward compartment or forecastle. Some of the private parlors are 18 feet square. A walk tour inside the famous iron steamship that was built in 1843 in Bristol. A piece of this great ship was recently recovered from the Detroit River - its anchor. ... She will also trace the transition of decorative styles across the Atlantic, explaining the influence of these great ships on fashion, jewelry, interior design and architecture, both on land and at sea. The walls, including the sides of the stoke-hole shafts, have a white ground, with a complex but delicate vine and scroll figure in gold. The small steamers intended to accompany the ship will be suspended near the paddle-boxes, but they are not yet completed. Work started in January of 1859 and finished in August. Image type. , 300px wide The description of the forward entrance applies to it also, as well as to all the others. In 1849 the Great Eastern was the largest ship the world had ever seen. Number of rivets, 3,000,000. The cylinders weigh 16 tons 15 cwt. They lie horizontally, their pistons being connected to the crossheads. You can obtain a copy of the Code, or contact the Council, at www.presscouncil.ie, PH: (01) 6489130, Lo-Call 1890 208 080 or email: info@presscouncil.ie. Three wrought pillars, one vertical and the others inclined upward, support an entablature over each frame, the 4 entablatures weighing 52 tons, and being secured at their ends to heavy wrought box frames fore and aft. The second screw chimney rises through it, and is incased in simple boards, without mirrors or panels, which, as well as the walls and ceilings, is mapled. The engines are athwart ship, horizontal, and in two pairs, (or four engines, each pair, or each two opposite engines acting on a crank in the screw-shaft at right angles with the other. Children under five travel for free. This is certainly the most striking way of approaching her � of seeing her grow up into immensity. The engine-shaft is in two pieces, joined half way between the two pairs of engines, by two cast-iron disks bolted together, and forming a coupling 8 feet in diameter, and 15 inches thick. Let us suppose ourselves spending an entire day aboard the great ship, leisurely wandering through her streets, saloons, warehouses and engine-rooms, from stem to stern and from top to bottom, with all her heights, depths and distances in our hands. By loosening this the wheels of either side may be detached from the engine in case of necessity. On the kelsons are 4 cast-iron longitudinal frames, weighing 71 tons together, which hold the trunions. The screw boilers lie in pairs, back to back, forward of the screw engines. Cargo capacity, 6,000 tons. Runs between Brunel’s SS Great Britain, Capricorn Quay and the new harbour inlet. The cranks are forged on, and their wrist is 27-1/2 inches diameter. She was an advanced and visionary passenger steamship constructed for the Great Western Steamship Company's transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. Her five chimneys, short and rather small, as if the destruction of coal were not the only object in view, rise straight and clear between her six slightly raking masts, which tower majestically into the blue sky. Such is the Great Eastern, as far as she will be likely to be examined by curious visitors and passengers. From this little watchman's platform, over fifty people can look over her bulwarks at a time, while a hundred more may have comfortable standing room. Abaft this, below the fifth after cargo space, is an empty compartment. The paddle-shaft is 300 feet from the bow, being forward of the centre. Two hawse-holes, 18 inches in diameter, are formed in the very prow of the strip, and two more on each side, a little further back. In the entablatures are the plummer blocks holding the shaft. , 400px wide The covert Grecian-style temple was built in 1912 within the then Great Eastern Hotel, a beautiful redbrick Victorian station hotel designed by the same architects of the Houses of Parliament. These apartments, again, are backed by a cross bulkhead. She was an advanced and visionary passenger steamship constructed for the Great Western Steamship Company's transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. IT’S A FAR cry from the interior of modern-day ferries on the Irish Sea. The Government needs to take action and implement the model of care for infertility, writes Emma Mc Dade. ... excessive waste and use of recyclable material are at the great demand. The ships SS SeeandBee, Lady Elgin, Vandalia, SS Michigan, Rouse Simmons, SS South America, Roger Blough, Edmund Fitzgerald, Ontario Power, D.F. The distance from the bottom of this lower saloon to the bottom of the ship is about 30 feet � as much as from the eaves to the cellar of an ordinary two-story house � while there is nearly the same space above to the main deck. C. � NEW WORLD, North River steamer, wood, 404x43. Behind this apartment is also a cross bulkhead, but its upper story is opened by two doors leading aft into another, the third saloon, just like it, the ceiling being 60x36 and the floor 60x25 feet, the skylights, as before mentioned, occupying the sides of the floors of all the saloons. Continuing our walk aft, we pass successively the after-hoisting engine and its house and cranes, just like those forward, a large freight hatch, the sixth and last mast, wood, and fore, and-aft rigged, a small hatch, an immense binnacle � quite a little temple � surmounted by the British lion, a capstan, rigged for hands and steam like that forward, and lastly the steering wheels, 4 in number, situated on a round platform 26 feet diameter, and raised 3 feet from the deck, with a weatherboard in front. if you love muscle cars this is a must have for your collection - makes an excellent gift for that car enthusiast - these ads look great framed and mounted on your garage or den wall - a 100% original piece The S.S. The staterooms occupy the spaces between the longitudinal bulkheads and the sides of the ship, in two longitudinal rows on either side. On each side of the ladies' saloon are family rooms of various dimensions; one, seventeen by seven feet, has folding beds for four persons, a sofa, tables, chairs, &c. Adjoining the main saloon some of the family rooms run parallel with the ship, having two large ports, and are eight by twelve feet � a fine parlor. The two passenger decks were divided into forward and aft compartments, separated by the engines and boiler amidships. About half its length, forward, is devoted to a parlor, quite as large as many on shore, with maple wainscoting and a white and gilt ceiling. It is light enough, but not very well ventilated. More from This Artist Similar Designs. Designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, Great Western proved satisfactory in service and was the model for all successful … Tonnage of ship, 23,000 tons. Before and behind it are stairways leading to the engines and to the engineers' rooms. We now come to the last bulkhead, behind which we have a ship as long as Sir WALTER RALEIGH thought it safe to build � 100 feet � and considerably wider than his model � about 50 feet on the average. The paddle engines are intended, at 28 lbs steam, cut off at 1/4, and 16 revolutions, to work up to 5,000 read horse power. The back ends of the kitchen also communicate with this saloon. Ss Great Britain in Bristol. Passage on the ss Great Britain could virtually guarantee that a passenger would arrive on time, well ahead of any sail powered rivals. A little forward of her middle, with an easy reverse curve, rises her paddle box. The others are hardly finished. The chandellers are gilt, and very neat. Before examining the interior of the vessel in detail it will be useful to obtain a general idea of its construction from the engraving and the following general description: The hull is composed of two skins of three-quarter inch iron plate, 2 feet 10 inches apart, the inside skin extending up as far as the paddle-shafts. Customize your eastern european poster with hundreds of different frame options, and get the exact look that you want for your wall! Under the grand and ladies' saloon is a very large and high room, H, with staterooms at its sides, in the manner described. Thus the engines acting on one crank face each other, and all the engines and the shaft are in the same horizontal plane. Completely restored. Images. It will be seen behind the second mast in the large accompanying engraving. The deck under the capstans has the gearing before described, and a cable-box eight feet high and some twenty feet square. The sides of the saloons are not the sides of the ship. The space which each set occupies is 15x36 feet. It is at present occupied by ship's stores and sailors. All eastern europe artwork ships within 48 hours and includes a 30-day money-back guarantee. N. � STEAM-TUG, American harbors and rivers, wood, 70X12. Info; Image credit; Additional information. The greatest breadth of deck is 83 feet, and the measurement over the paddle boxes is 120 feet. Posted by Virginia Lamkin at The deck is here some 40 feet wide, Next come two immense batchways leading to the forecastle and the warehouses, and then the for sard donkey or hoisting engine house, 18 by 12 feet, which is erected in the middle of the deck. Despite ferocious gales, … K. � Winan's CIGAR STEAMER, building at Baltimore, iron, 180x16, original length. To make the apartment appear higher and larger than it really is, there is a profusion of vertical lines, columns, &c, and of small ornaments. : Beginning at the top, first after cargo space, 1,302 tons; second after cargo space, 1,302 tons, with double iron deck; third after cargo space, 561 tons, and the fourth after cargo space, 460 tons; beneath which is the first after hold, 90 tons, which also holds the screw-shaft tunnel. Brunel's new construction methods – dividing the ship up into compartments with watertight bulkheads – limited … Atlantic Telegraph Cable 1865. Their stroke should have been longer, and for the power, more cylinders might have been employed to advantage, so as not to get too much speed on a large piston. : the foretry-sail, fore, main, aftermain, mizzen and jigger masts, the fore, main and aftermain being of iron; also, five chimneys, the two forward from the paddle boilers and the three others from the srew boilers, intervene. The after part is devoted to bedrooms, closets, etc. From the enormous catheads, immediately aft, hang on each side two ponderous anchors, from which depend a section of the massive cables � the charms on the vest-chain of the leviathan � but each link is about the size of a dinner-platter, and the iron of which it is forged as large in diameter as the top of a drinking goblet. It was over 700 feet in length. The total depth is 58 feet. The SS Great Britain had left me knowing a great deal about Bristol, Brunel and the history of a magnificent ocean vessel and her passengers. The last screw chimney rises here. Its ornaments are two rows of shells in white and gold, and a few horizontal mouldings. The boxes in which the shaft revolves are cast-iron, lined with white metal. This has no skylight deck like all the others, and is hence lower, and is very plainly furnished. Noteworthy | A highlight on Interior Desingning and recent Trend. Many months of research and planning gave him the confidence to attempt a second rescue operation which would return the ship to the U.K. Here rises the chimmey of the auxiliary screw engine, a machine intended to drive the screw just fast enough to keep out of the way and not retard the ship, when the propelling power of the screw is not required. Both fore and aft the paddle-engine, under the main deck, and between the last-mentioned cross-bulkhead and the next one back of it, (60 feet,) are the engineers' dining-rooms and berths. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENT. The paddle engines, as a whole, are probably the finest work of the kind, to look at, in the world, standing as they do, 40 feet high, and occupying a space 34 feet square. As shown in the engraving, the forward and upper part of this section of the ship at A has five decks, the portion B having seven, including the bottom. Descending the first staircase abaft the paddle-wheel, we enter the first dining saloon, I, 52x28 feet and 12 feet high. A hollow cast-iron drum, with a wrought strap-round [??? No ugly bowsprit ekes out her length, and no staring Neptunes or obese Mermaids, with impossible tails, are impaled on her sharp bows, but her deck stops short and square at a fine angle, slightly acute, from which her cutwater descends straight down into the sea, and enters it at a graceful curve. But the detailed design, the proportions, and the workmanship are of a very high order. The piston-rods are 10 inches diameter. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, who designed the Great Eastern, was the greatest artist ever to work in iron. It is furnished with tables for meals, &c., and regular ship seats with movable backs, green leather covered, and is severely plain, but neat and extremely comfortable�just as good as the decorated saloon, and likely better, for it is exactly amidships. On the deck of SS Great Eastern by Robert Howlett, 1857.jpg 1,452 × 1,054; 263 KB Part of a funnel from the SS Great Eastern - geograph.org.uk - 1447346.jpg 419 × 640; 125 KB Recovery of Cable on Great Eastern Final Attempt at Grappling Sept 7th 1865 RMG PU6757.jpg 1,280 × 861; 1.2 MB There is as much walking room between the smoking room and the after-hoisting engine house as there is on an ordinary steamer's deck. This apartment is 36x70 feet, and 13-1/2 feet high. Nine buildings of various dimensions occupy the central line, fore and art, and six masts, to wit. The screw engine centre is some 165 from the stern. About 200 feet from, the bow is at other house 30 feet wide, and extending some 10 feet fore and aft. On the lower deck, at B, there are no side-lights, and the space may be used for ship's stores or merchandize. There are two stories of staterooms at its sides, the upper tier being entered by stairs, and the lower by halls. While under the main-deck we observe its construction. The coal bunkers are along side and above the boilers. Two stories of saloons, and three stories of state-rooms, and with forward rooms not yet completed. THE FORWARD FREIGHT COMPARTMENTS AND FORE-CASTLE. Weight of iron used, 10,000 tons. The interior was divided into three decks, the upper two for passengers and the lower for cargo. The first after freight compartment is 60 feet long, 72 feet wide in front, and 56 feet in the rear, and is 11 feet high. SS Great Western of 1838, was a wooden-hulled paddle-wheel steamship built of Dantzic pine, the first steamship purpose-built for crossing the Atlantic, and the initial unit of the Great Western Steamship Company. To examine her systematically, let us at once proceed to her extreme bows � it is only an eighth of a mile off � and commence our journey aft. Comparative Diagram of her Proportions. Eight such ships in a row would be 256 feet over a mile long. The total length of the saloons, occupying the middle part of the ship, is 400 feet, there being two stories of saloons, each 13 feet high. I do not propose to show how it could be put there. Unlike most paddle-wheels, its shaft has no outside bearing on the guard, but is wholly supported by a great journal at the side of the ship. Here you see the huge monster's sides as she appears to pass by you. On all of these decks, and on the same shaft, is also a capstan, put in or out of gear by a clutch, each capstan having levers for 50 men. Please note that TheJournal.ie uses cookies to improve your experience and to provide services and advertising. Boards.ie | Some 15 feet further back is the first mast, a mere wooden spar, 30 inches in diameter, with fore and aft sails. Interior Arrangements and the Machinery. ID266. Wire service provided by Associated Press. It made its maiden voyage in 1924. ... many others are head turners that can still be driven and showcased for all to see. These kitchens are situated between the paddle-wheels and the engine, under the main deck. It is just as well, perhaps, but not as beautiful as the fine round yachtsterns of GEORGE STEERS. The other saloons are in proportion Beginning forward, the first floor below is the first cable deck, below it is the second cable deck, and below this the third cable deck and the carpenter's room. But the great expanse of deck-room is behind this hoisting engine, there being on each side a clear space of 25x75 feet, equivalent to the ground covered by two large city houses. I. There are no very large figures The carpet, which matches the rest in color and style, has also small figures. Thirty-six feet further aft is a capstan, the shaft of which passes down through this deck and two others, where it may be geared, if required, to one of the auxiliary engines. The National Library of Ireland has unearthed these photographs of the SS Great Eastern – the largest ship ever built when it launched in 1858 – when it docked in Arklow in Wicklow. But now, as we pass under her lofty stern, and hug her great iron sides, and see the little people away up on deck peering over at us, she changes from a graceful ship into a huge, immovable mass, like an overshadowing cliff, or a tall block of warehouses, and we cannot for a moment believe that she is not resting on the solid earth below the sea.